Grammar Summary

语意

语意	作用
主语	主角
谓语	关系
宾语	配角
定语	修饰 名词（主语/宾语）、完整句子
状语	修饰 动词（如何产生的关系）

定语的种类：形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语从句、同位语、动词不定式

词

词性

中文不注重词性，因此导致中国人学英语只关注意思而不关注词性，靠“脑补”猜句子意思，这是造成看得懂单词但读不懂意思的最核心原因。因此记单词时，最重要的是记词性。

名词

常作为主语/宾语（名词在句首，一般是主语）

• 可数名词：不要单写，要加上冠词或代词 a n. / the n. 定语
• 不可数名词

区分可数、不可数不是靠死记硬背，概念上无法分割的就大概率不可数。

动词 + ing 作动名词时，就有了名词的性质

what/how/where + to do 整体当作名词看待，如 I know what to do. 整个 what to do 视为名词

可数名词复数规则

1. 一般直接加 s
2. 大部分 -s/-x/-ch/-sh 结尾的加 es
3. 辅音字母 + o 结尾的，且有生命的加 es (potatoes/tomatoes/heroes)，没生命的直接加 s (photos/pianos/radios)
4. 辅音字母 + y 结尾的，y 变 i 加 es
5. -f/-fe 结尾的，去掉 -f/-fe 加 -ves
6. 其他不规则变化或单复同形的遇到积累即可
   • 不规则变化：
     • this -> these that -> those
     • man -> men woman -> women
     • child -> children
     • foot -> feet tooth -> teeth
     • mouse -> mice
     • fungus -> fungi cactus -> cacti stimulus -> stimuli syllabus -> syllabi alumnus -> alumni
     • analysis -> analyses crisis -> crises basis -> bases thesis -> theses diagnosis -> diagnoses
     • phenomenon -> phenomena criterion -> criteria
     • bacterium -> bacteria datum -> data
   • 单复同形：
     • 动物类： sheep deer species
     • 国籍类 Chinese等ese结尾的
     • craft及craft结尾的
     • 量词前有具体数字时 two dozen eight thousand

代词

代词和名词很相似，都是在主语或宾语位置

宾格：本质就是代词在宾语位置时的形式

• I like he. 错误 he 在宾语位置应该用宾语形式 him

阅读时，任何代词都需要去上文中找代替的是谁，例如单数不会代替复数，否则会造成错误“脑补”猜句子意思的问题

1. 错误：If a student wants to pass, they must study hard.

   正确：If a student wants to pass, he or she must study hard.

2. 错误：Every company has their own culture.

   正确：Every company has its own culture.

this/that/it 单独作为主语，通常代替上一句话

these/those 单独作为主语，通常指代人

人称代词、物主代词、反身代词

人称	主格（做主语）	宾格（做宾语）	形容词性物主代词(后必接名词)	名词性物主代词(后面不接名词)	反身代词(自身)
我	I	me	my (bike)	mine (=my bike)	myself
你	you	you	your	yours	yourself
他	he	him	his	his	himself
她	she	her	her	hers	herself
它	it	it	its	its	itself
我们	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
你们	you	you	your	yours	yourselves
他们	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

指示代词

单数：this（常用于近处或刚刚发生的事）/that（常用于远处或已经过去的事）

复数：these/those

不定代词

复合不定代词：some-/any-/no-/every- 前缀与 -body/-one/-thing 后缀组合而成的代词（someone/anything/nobody）

1. 谓语动词一律第三人称单数 everybody is
2. 形容词必需后置 something interesting

Both 与 All：both 表示 两者都；all 表示 三者或三者以上都

Either 与 Neither：either 两者中任一个，谓语单数；neither 两者都不，谓语单数

Each 与 Every：each 侧重个体，可单独作主语；every 侧重整体，只能用作形容词修饰名词

Many/Few（修饰可数名词） 与 Much/Little（修饰不可数名词）：few/little 表示否定（几乎没有）a few/a little 表示肯定（有一点）

疑问代词与关系代词

who（主格），whom（宾格），whose（物主），what，which

疑问代词：引导疑问句 关系代词：引导从句

形容词

1. adj. 修饰名词，大部分是前置，偶有后置的情况（系动词后 be happy/looks new 或 不定代词后 something different），要注意找前面的名词。

2. 多个形容词的顺序：数量 -> 主观意见 -> 大小 -> 年龄/新旧 -> 形状 -> 颜色 -> 产地/国籍 -> 材料 -> 用途 -> 名词

   A beautiful large old Chinese wooden table.

   平时记住核心顺序：主观、大小、颜色、材料 + 名词

3. 比较级和最高级

   英文中只有形容词和副词有比较级和最高级

   形容词的比较级和最高级整体的词性是形容词，副词的比较级和最高级整体的词性是副词，不要因为长而混淆词性

   You are (better than your friend). 括号中整体当作形容词词性

   more/less 在比较级中，词性是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；than 在比较级中是介词，其他情况下有小概率是连词

   级别	短单词规则（单/双音节）	长单词规则（三个音节及以上）
   原级（无比较）	tall / happy	beautiful / expensive
   比较级（两者相比）	词尾加 -er 即 taller / happier (than)	前面加 more 即 more beautiful (than)
   最高级（三者及以上）	前面加 the，词尾加 -est 即 the tallest / the happiest	前面加 the most 即 the most beautiful

   不规则变化

   • good/well(adj./adv.两个词性) -> better -> the best
   • bad/ill -> worse -> the worst
   • many/much -> more -> the most
   • little -> less -> the least
   • far -> farther -> the farthest 远（物理上） far -> further -> the furthest 更进一步（抽象意义上）
   • old -> older -> the oldest 老、旧（时间上） old -> elder -> the eldest 年长（只用于家人，且不与than一起用，单纯作形容词）
   • late -> later -> the latest 晚（时间上） late -> latter -> the last 后（顺序上）

4. 动词加 -ed 或 -ing 后缀变成的形容词

   • -ed 结尾：形容人的主观感受
     • I am bored.
     • She is interested in art.
   • -ing 结尾：形容事物特征
     • This movie is boring.
     • Art is interesting.

动词

作谓语，表达主语和宾语的关系

及物，不及物

• 及物动词 vt. 必需加宾语

  例如 locate vt. 确定位置 I want to locate my phone.

  并不是中文常说的“位于”的意思，被动用法才可以被翻译为“位于” My phone is located at my school.

• 不及物动词 vi. 不能加宾语，所以也没有被动

  但是有些不及物动词加上介词短语后，整体视为及物动词。（如 look at/agree with/fit in）

  常见不及物动词

  发生：happen/occur/take place/come about/arise 增长：rise 变化：vary 屈服：yield（意思为生产时，是及物动词） 重要：matter（sth. matters） 起作用：function 提供物资：cater 消失：vanish/disappear 下降：descend 上升：ascend

时态

时态只有动词有，本质不是语法规则，是意思的表达。

不要记某些词+某个时态的绑定关系，例如 already 并不是只有完成时才能用，always 也并不只用于一般现在时

完成时本质是一种隐含结果的表达，除了动作本身还表达了一定的影响。对完成时理解时脑子中要有个时间轴。

英语共16个时态，由4种时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）和4种状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）交叉组合而成。

日常只需要记得8个核心时态。

1. 一般现在时：注意，主语是第三人称单数时，动词后加 -s 或 -es

   用法：用于客观真理、经常或习惯性动作

   例句：The sun rises in the east.

   一般现在时最大的坑点：记得只用在客观存在的、必然发生的事上，但凡是不一定的，如某种不是必然的观点的表达，不要用一般现在时，用情态动词。

   AI helps us do many things. AI 可能帮倒忙，因此不是一定发生的事，所以尽量用情态动词。AI could help us do many things.

2. 一般过去时：动词过去式（-ed后缀或不规则变形）

   用法：在过去某个时间点发生的动作，与现在无关

   例句：I saw a movie yesterday

3. 一般将来时：will + 动词原形（do）/ be going to + 动词原形（do）

   用法：打算、计划在未来发生的动作。 will 表示大概率会做，be going to 仅可能去做，有可能不做

   例句：We will move to New York next month.

4. 现在进行时：be + 现在分词（doing）

   用法：此时正在发生的动作，可能延续到将来

   例句：I am studying English grammar now.

5. 现在完成时：have/has + 过去分词（done）

   用法：过去发生的动作，对现在造成了影响，通常上下文会有语境

   例句：I have lost my keys. 我把钥匙丢了。影响：现在进不了门。

6. 过去进行时：was/were + 现在分词（doing）

   用法：过去某个时刻，正在进行的动作

   例句：This time yesterday, I was sleeping.

7. 过去完成时：had + 过去分词（done）

   用法：更远的过去发生的动作，对更近的过去造成了影响

   例句：When I arrived, the train had already left.

8. 过去将来时：would + 动词原形（do）或 was/were going to + 动词原形（do）

   用法：在过去的某时间点，计划当时的未来发生的动作

   例句：She said she would help me.

现在完成进行时：过去发生的动作，直到现在还在发生，甚至可能延续到未来，完美翻译是“一直”

过去完成进行时：更远的过去发生的动作，直到更近的过去还在发生，但不会延续到现在

语态

分为主动与被动，普通句子绝大多数是主动语态。

被动语态：be + 过去分词（done）

被动主态本质还是谓语，和非谓语动词注意区分。

只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为不及物动词没有宾语。

情态动词

情态动词 + 动词原形（do）合在一起充当谓语

might may could would can will 表可能，可能性从左至右，由低到高；也表能力；表示请求（礼貌）

should 应该（隐含现在还没做）

ought to 应该（更正式些）

must 命令

need 既能当情态动词 need do 也能当普通及物动词 need sth. 或 sth. is needed

Be 动词 = 系动词（seem/become/stay/grow/prove） = 感官动词（look/sound/taste/smell/feel）

Be 动词/系动词/感官动词，后面能加的词性，共5种用法：

1. adj.

   例句：You are smart. You become important. It seems funny.

2. n.

   例句：I love you. You become a student. There becomes n.

   A is B. Be 动词相当于等号

   注意最常犯的错是：A和B不是同一性质的东西，没法划等号

   You are a person. 正确。人和 person 可以划等号

   The lack of some resources is some people. 语法上正确，但意思说不通。资源缺乏不能和 people 划等号

3. 介词短语

   例句：I am in school. You look in shock.

4. doing

   例句：You appear playing soccer.

5. done

   例句：You felt beaten.

it seems that 句子.

动词不定式

本质是在谓语中，只能有一个动词，两个动词放在一起时中间加 to。人们常说不定式表目的，但本质是两个动词有先后顺序，一个动作之后才有另一个动作。核心动作是 to 后面的动词。

例句：You read this book to learn sth.

副词

adv.修饰动词、形容词、介词、副词，作状语

英文中只有形容词和副词有比较级

形容词的比较级和最高级整体的词性是形容词，副词的比较级和最高级整体的词性是副词，不要因为长而混淆词性

You walk (more quickly than your friend). 括号中整体为副词词性

more/less 在比较级中，词性是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；than 在比较级中是介词，其他情况下有小概率是连词

一些与形容词同形的短副词（单音节副词）

• fast -> faster -> tastest
• hard -> harder -> hardest
• early - earlier -> earliest

副词最高级前的 the 可省略，形容词绝对不能省略

You sing best in our class. 书面标准写法 best 前要加 the，但非正式写作可以省略

介词

介词后跟名词、动名词（即介词 + 宾语）

作用有且仅有2个：

1. 作定语，修饰名词，整个介词短语的词性为 adj.
2. 作状语，修饰动词，整个介词短语的词性为 adv.（修饰动词、句子较多，较少情况修饰形容词及介词短语）

介词翻译不可拿中文意思硬套，需要按上下文，使用介词本质意思理解翻译

I can play soccer in my school in my school 绝对不可能是定语，不会是用来修饰 soccer 的，因为 soccer 是足球这项运动，而不是圆圆的球本身，英文的意思说不通，不要被中文意思误导。所以 in my school 是状语，修饰 play

I like this person with disabilities with disabilities 绝不可能作状语，无法带着残疾地喜欢，意思不通。所以 with disabilities 是定语，修饰 person

两种可能性都有的情况：

1. 修饰名词：I can play ball in my school 定语，我可以玩学校的球
2. 修饰动词：I can play ball in my school 状语，我可以在学校玩球

两种情况需要在语境中根据上下文具体分析，常见修饰动词的介词短语有 by doing。

复合介词，具有两个介词的意思，主要以在后面的介词为主，例如 onto/into 分别具有 on 和 in 的意思，但主要是 to

• in 在…范围里，可以是实际的范围，也可以是抽象的范围

• against 本质是互相接触有作用力的状态，所以会有看似相反的翻译。如针对、对抗；贴着、靠着

• by

  • 被动语态：翻译为“被” by + n.

  • 时间: 翻译为“到”，到某个具体的时间点 by time

  • 动词、动名词：翻译为“通过” by doing

  • 上升、减少：翻译为 “了”，数学上的 上升或减少 “了” 某个具体数量

• on

  • 在…上

  • 抽象意义中有笼罩在…上的意思，翻译为“关于”即可，如 effect on/a study on

• up

  • 向上

  • v. + up 大部分（除需要特殊记忆的固定搭配外）可以理解为把这个动词的动作做起来、开始做或做完成，如 clean up

• to

  1. 介词词性：to/toward/towards + n./doing 表示一种指向性，相当于一个箭头（注意与不定式完全无关）

     approach to playing soccer 踢足球“的”方法

  2. 动词不定式：ability to do sth.

     I like to do this. 不定式表要做，实际还没做 I like doing sth. 动名词仅表示动作，做没做并不知道

     be to do 表将来、表计划 = want/be going to/will；表命令 = must

• at 在…的点上；如时间、速度、状态、温度、home、级别、数据、point

• for

  • 介词：为了(本质就是原因)

  • 连词：因为，后面加句子，等同于 because

• with 和、用

• of 对于、强调属性。A book in history 历史上的一本书，A book of history 一本关于历史的书

  • A of B 介词短语：核心词永远是 A，如 a book of history，核心词是 book，除非 A 是量词时，B 为核心词，如 a lot of books 核心词是 books

    a number of n. 重点为后面的名词，翻译为许多 X

    the number of n. 重点为 number，翻译为 X 的数量

  • be of n. (抽象名词) = be adj. (抽象名词对应的形容词) 表示具有某种特性 be of importance = be important

• over

  • 后面加数字，表示超过

  • 后面加抽象名词 over=to/of/about，可译为对于

• around 遍布；动词 + around 可译为 X 来 X 去

• across 遍布

• about

  • 关于

  • 后跟数字有关的词译为大约

• between 常见 between A and B；也有 between + 复数

连词

• 大连词：五个词，前四个较常见，and or but so yet。可以并列任何词性，甚至用于并列两句话，句子, and 句子，而 however thus therefore furthermore 都是副词，不可用于逗号后并列两句话。

  I like this book but don’t like that book. but 并列两个动词

  I like this book but not that book. but 并列两个名词

  有一种例外，副词会承担连词的作用，连接副词 + adj./adv., + 主句. 如：However rich he is, he never wastes money. However在这里依然是adv. 因为它修饰adj. 但它有连词的作用，连接两个句子，相当于 no matter how

• 关系连词（非问句，问句中叫关系副词）：when/where/how/who/why/since/if/although/though/while/yet/albeit

  关系连词不能单独引导句子，是用来引导从句的，所以关系连词 + 从句后，一定要再 + 完整句子。

• 时间概念的词，可以做时间关系连词，跟 when 的作用相同，后面可跟完整句子，整体做主句的状语或解释说明

  the 10th straight year 起 when 的作用，作连词

  It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.

  I finished my homework (in) the day you came to our school.

1. however 和 but 不可互换，but 是连词，连接两个句子，however 是副词，只能用在单句中，不能连接两句。

2. but 和 although/though/while 都是连词表转折，但重点不同

   A, but B. 该句中 B 是重点

   A, although B. 该句中 A 是重点

3. A, although B. = Although B, A.

冠词

冠词 + n.

1. 冠词后如果只是个形容词，把整体当个名词看待，表示具有形容词特征的名词，不要只理解为一类人，还有其他可能，不一定指人。
2. 冠词和名词间无论加了多少形容词修饰，都要记得后面主体是那个名词。

• a/an 一个、泛指

  • 可数名词一定不要单写，考虑冠词或复数

• the 特指，翻译为这个，可以换为代词 this，必需要理解到底是哪一个，因此一定要有上下文或定语。

  1. 上下文：I like my school. The school is good.
  2. 定语：The book on my table is good.
  3. 独一无二的东西或机构名：the world, the United Nations
  4. 乐器前加 the：the piano
  5. 最高级前加 the：the best
  6. 序数词前加 the：the first, the second

量词/数词

a n. of 大概率是量词，可当作一堆理解，如 a sea of 一海的，表示大量

A of B 介词短语：核心词永远是 A，如 a book of history，核心词是 book，除非 A 是量词时，B 为核心词，如 a lot of books 核心词是 books

a number of n. 重点为后面的名词，翻译为许多 X the number of n. 重点为 number，翻译为 X 的数量

• number 后接可数名词

  a number of

  the number of

• amount 后接不可数名词

  an amount of

  the amount of

• amount to 等于（这里 amount 是动词不是量词）

• a large sum of 通常形容钱

• scores of 大量的

分数

分子：基数词 分母：序数词 如果分子大于 1，需要在分母后面加 s

句

主谓宾/主谓

所有句子都有主谓宾，从句也是主谓宾

I love you. 主谓宾 I am happy. 形容词作宾语，要加 be 动词 I am in school. 介词短语作宾语，要加 be 动词

主定语谓宾

• 定语 = adj. 修饰名词

• 状语 = adv. 修饰动词、句子、形容词、介词短语（状语修饰前两者较常见，修饰后两者较少见）

主语从句

核心：主语是个句子

思维转换

我今天踢了足球

英语思维：

1. 我今天做的事情是踢了足球
2. 今天发生的事情是我踢了足球

我觉得你的观点是对的

英语思维：

1. 你所认为的事情是我认可的
2. 认为你的观点是对的人是我

语法

主语本身是个句子，谓语用单数：主语从句 + 谓语（第三人称单数） + 宾语

注意虽然大部分情况下，主句的谓语是第三人称单数，但依然有2种情况是复数：

1. and 连接的两个主语从句，且表达两个独立事件，主句谓语动词为复数

   What he said and what he did are completely different.

2. what 引导的主语从句，且 what 是指代宾语，宾语实际为复数名词时，主句谓语动词用复数

   What the factory needs most are modern machines.

• what/who/how/where/when/whether 引导

  1. what who 词性为 n. 做主语或宾语，是从句主体（主谓宾）的一部分

     (Who makes you happy) is also a great man. （who 作从句的主语）

     (What you do) is great. （what 作从句的宾语）

     (What is the greatest toy in the world) is XXX. （what 作从句的主语）

     注意要将括号中看成整体，判断是否能发出后面的谓语和宾语

     what you eat are apples. (谓语复数)

     What is the most important thing for you does not hold true for others.

     What you do is bad.

     Who you like is him.

     Who hates you is him.

  2. how where when whether 词性为 adv. 做状语，因此后面要接完整的句子（主谓宾），形成从句

     How you play soccer has taught me a lot. （从句 How you play soccer 中 How 做状语，you play soccer 是完整主谓宾）

     How you play soccer hurts you.

     When you play soccer is a good time.

     Where you learned English is in Beijing.

     Whether you play soccer is unknown.

• That 引导：That + 完整句子（主谓宾） + 谓语（第三人称单数） + 宾语

  注意要将（That + 主谓宾）看成一个整体来发出谓语，而不是从句（主谓宾）中的 主语 发出 后面的谓语

  错误： That he played soccer today is happy. 他踢足球这件事是没法等同于“开心”的

  正确： That he played soccer today makes me happy.

  e.g. That I played soccer today is true.

  That you play tennis is interesting.

  That you can come to school tomorrow makes me happy.

  That you can come to school tomorrow and you are happy make me happy.

动名词做主语

v.ing/(v.ing + 宾语) + 谓语（第三人称单数） + 宾语

Understanding sth. is good.

Understanding that 句子 is good.

注意谓语左右两边意思上要能说通

Thinking that you are good is interesting.

Producing computers from China is interesting.

• 我们在图书馆里学习使我们很开心

  Learning in our library makes us happy.

  扩展：Learning quietly in our library which is in this campus makes us happy.

• Thinking that producing computers from China when the economy is good is effective makes me happy.

  整体是两个动名词做主语的句子嵌套

  1. (Thinking that + 句子) makes me happy.

  2. Producing computers (状语) is effective.

     from China 和 when the economy is good 都是 producing 的状语

注意英语句子结构也决定意思：

1. 动名词作主语：Your playing soccer is good. 你踢球这个动作很好。指踢球水平很高。

2. 主语从句：That you play soccer is good. 你踢球这件事很好。不一定踢得好。

非谓语动词

非谓语动词，本质上一般是作定语，例如最常见的英语句型：主语 + 定语（形容词、定语从句、同位语、介词短语、非谓语） + 谓语 + 宾语.

主谓宾 已经有谓语了，描述了主要动作，这时候要表达其他次要动作，一句话不能有两个谓语，就需要非谓语动词。

一句话以 Doing 开头，只有两种情况：动名词作主语 或 非谓语动词

一句话以 Done 开头，只可能是：非谓语

1. 后置非谓语：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语, 非谓语 + 宾语.

   There are many spectators watching the show, meaning/suggesting that Chinese cultures are becoming more and more popular.

   watching the show 非谓语 作 spectators 的定语

   meaning/suggesting that 非谓语 + 宾语从句

   1. 必须快速反应出只有在这句话已经有了谓语（主谓宾）的情况下，才会出现非谓语

   2. 非谓语动词也是动词，但凡是动词你就要去想谁发出的动词

      • 没有逗号，动词发出者通常为前面的名词

        I like this book making me happy.

        I like this book written by her.

        例外：主句谓语是不及物动词，可能由主句主语或整个主句发出。（这种情况较少见）

        This is happening making us happy.

      • 有逗号的，需要根据上下文判断谁发出的动词，可能是前一句的主语、宾语或整个句子。

        I like this school, playing soccer happily. I 发出 playing

        I like this school, having many classrooms. school 发出 having

        I like this school, agreed by my mom. 整个句子 发出 被 agreed

        My teacher in this school will do a presentation, involving some topics. 宾语 presentation 发出 involving

        My teacher in this school will do a presentation, feeling happy. 主语 teacher 发出 feeling

        My teacher in this school will do a presentation, making us proud. 整个主句发出 making

        I like to use computers, bought by my dad. 宾语

        I like to read books, writing some notes. 主语

        I like this book, making me happy. 宾语

        I like to do exercises, making me happy. 整句

2. 前置非谓语：非谓语(Doing/Done) + 宾语, 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语.

   1. 前置非谓语通常由主句的主语发出

      Reading this book, my teacher is happy.

   2. 前置非谓语通常分句与主句有顺序关系，分句先发生，主句后发生

      Having learned English, I can write this sentence.

      Having scored 99, he is very happy now.

      Looking from a broad perspective, we can see a trend. 整句

3. 句中非谓语：主语, 定语（非谓语）, 谓语 + 宾语.

   这种句型通常只是修饰主语，没有明显顺序关系

   My teacher, almost overwhelmed by her projects, will have some time to do something.

   This player, liked by us, will come to my school today.

4. 非谓语动词不及物时，上面 3 个句型中紧跟着非谓语动词的宾语都不存在，可能是一个状语。

   Quickly happening (when you are at school), this situation is good.

常见错误

1. Using this computer to type words, I am learning this computer.

   语法上没有错误，但表意上缺少逻辑。应该是先学电脑，再来使用。

   改正：Learning this computer, I am using this computer to type words.

2. Learning this culture, there are more chances for us to be happy.

   非谓语也是动词，要找动词的主语，主句中没有主语能够发出 learning 这个动词。

宾语从句

本质：宾语是个句子

宾语的位置：动词/介词 + 宾语

有宾语的地方就可能有宾语从句，整个宾语从句的词性与宾语一致，都是名词

介词后宾语从句

比如：In a place 可以用宾语从句：In where you play soccer, I am happy.

I like this school in where I live.

非谓语也有动词的性质，因此后面的宾语也能换成宾语从句

例如：Knowing what he wrote in this book, I like it more.

宾语从句中的 that 可以省略。写作时，宾语从句 that 不要省略，可以帮你明确句子关系；阅读中，要小心宾语从句 that 可能省略。

1. that + 完整句子

   This article support that we should protect our environment.

2. what/who 引导 作从句名词成分 n.

   作从句主语：I don’t know who won the game.

   作从句宾语：I like what you hate.

   作从句介词后宾语：I like what you are good at.

   作从句定语：I wonder whose jacket this is.

   where/when/why/how/whether 引导 作从句副词成分 adv.

   作从句状语：I like where you play soccer.

   作从句状语同时在主句介词后：I am in where you play soccer.

I think that that these books are good is interesting. 宾语从句套主语从句，不要省略第一个 that，否则造成误解。

定语从句

本质是用句子当形容词，用于修饰名词。定语从句有且只有一个功能：修饰名词。

被修饰的名词在从句中要么作主语，要么作宾语，因此不能用任何关系副词，只能用关系代词 that/which/who 等，记住没有what，没有原因，记住规则即可

• 没有逗号（限定），只修饰名词，that/which 没有区别

  I like this book that is red.

  This book that could make me happy is good.

  I like this person who you like.

  I like this computer whose screen is big. whose 物主代词，等于形容词，不能单独存在，要加名词

  先行词作宾语，关系代词 that 或 which 可以省略

  I like this book he read.

  A of B that 的定语从句，从句可能修饰A也可能修饰B，取决于上下文意思

  I like this book of history that has many pages. 形容 book

  I like this book of history that fascinates me. 形容 history

• 加逗号（非限定），只能用 which，可能修饰的是名词，也可能修饰的是前面整个句子

  I like to read these books, which makes me happy.

  其中 makes 为单数，故 which 不是修饰 books，而是修饰前面整句话

  I like to read these books, which are expensive.

  修饰 books 故用 are

  Several ways exist to advance knowledge on how body type may influence antisocial and criminal behaviors, which is common.

  which 修饰 前面整句，但注意整句很长，到底修饰哪部分？修饰前一句的核心主干：several ways exist to advance knowledge

  一种好用的变形：

  I like this book, the pages of which are red.

  There is a school, the students in which are smart.

• 介词 + which + 完整句子（主谓宾），不能用 that，带介词的定语从句不会修饰前面整个句子，只修饰名词

  There is a table on which what you are eating are delicious.

  I have a computer through which I can play games.

  为什么 which 后是完整句子？因为介词加宾语是状语

  I know a lot of friends among whom there are many doctors.

  1. 介词本身意思需要理解清楚
  2. 把 which 替换成被修饰的词
  3. where 和 when 引导的定语从句，作状语，可使用介词加 which 替换，后面必需加完整句子

  where 修饰地点，以及抽象的可以用 in 来描述的范围

  I like the atmosphere/situation in your school in which I can learn many things.

  这句中 in which 指代 in the atmosphere，而不是 school。in which 可用 where 代替

  但不是所有 where 和 in which 都能互换，where 还可能表达其他介词，不要死记 where = in which

  There is a table where(on which) I can eat something.

  也不是所有 介词 + which 能换成 where

  There is a bridge under which there’re fishes. 这里不能用 where，where 只能表达在桥上，不能表达桥下

  when 修饰时间，在某个时间里面

• 定语从句和状语从句的区别

  定语从句与状语从句在句式上可能完全一样，需要根据上下文判断意思

  I can go to Shanghai, where I have many books.

  定语从句，where 修饰 Shanghai。我可以去上海，我在那里有很多书。

  I can go to Shanghai, where I have many books.

  状语从句，where 修饰 go。在我有很多书的地方，我才能去上海。

  I like December, when I can play soccer.

  状语从句，只有当我能踢球时，我才喜欢 12 月。

  定语从句，我喜欢 12 月，在 12 月里我可以踢足球。

• 专有名词 + 从句，从句大概率为定语从句

  I liked WTO 20 years ago, which is an organization.

• 易错点

  I like what you eat which is good. 宾从 + 定从 what you eat 作宾语相当一个名词，后面可以加定语从句。口语可用，但写作尽量不要用，语法上不够完美。

  This accident happened that is scary. 注意不是宾从，happen 是不及物动词，不可能有宾从，因此 that 跟得是 accident，是定从。

同位语和同位语从句

本质：用名词解释名词

同位语和插入语

插入语(位置概念)，插入语可能是定语、状语、同位语

I, when I am in school, love you. (状语)

同位语(内容概念)，核心名词，注意和主句名词相等，并不是修饰（修饰是定语）

Iphone, a famous product that is from Apple, is an electronic device. 核心名词 product = iphone

Iphone, the essential in our life, is an electronic device. 核心名词 the essential = iphone

同位语从句和定语从句

同位语从句（内容：解释说明名词本身的内容，只能用 that，所解释的名词，以抽象名词占绝大多数，通常是“有内容”的词，that 只是引导词，后面通常跟完整主谓宾）

定语从句（怎么样：修饰名词，除 that 外还可能用 which 或 which 带介词或副词 where 等，that 或 which 等引导词指代从句中的主语或宾语，后面通常不是完整句子）

我有一个问题，这个问题很难。（定语从句）

我有一个问题，是你多大了。（同位语从句）

I like this idea that you let me play soccer. 我非常喜欢你这个让我踢足球的想法。（同位语从句）

I like this idea that lets me play soccer. 我非常喜欢你这个想法，这个想法让我走上了踢球的道路。（定语从句）

There is an idea that we could go to school. 同位语从句

There is an idea that is good. 定语从句

I like this piece of news that is fresh. 定语从句

I like this piece of news that I can read books. 同位语从句

同位语从句语法

1. 同位语从句用 that 引导，且 that 之后是完整句子

   I like this fact/idea/opinion/news/story/content/evidence that …

   我知道电动车可以帮大家节省燃料

   宾语从句：I know that EVs can save costs of fuels for us.

   同位语从句：I have heard many stories that EVs have saved costs of fuels for us.

2. 用 whether/why 引导（根据意思判断是否为同位语从句）

   There is a question why we are going to this school. （同位语从句）有一个问题，问题的内容是你为什么去这所学校。

   There is a question why you get confused. （定语从句 why = for which）有一个问题，正是因为这个问题使你困惑。（至于问题内容是什么，并不知道）

3. way 特殊句型

   I like the way (in which) you play soccer. in which 不省略时是定语从句，省略时当作同位语从句。

4. 隔断开的同位语从句

   The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.

   came to her 是插入语，修饰 thought，that 是 thought 的同位语信号词，而不是 her 的

   插入语换成 形容词 is good，也要能识别出形容词没有从句，that 修饰前面的名词 thought

   插入语换成 不及物动词 happend，也要能识别出不及物动词没有宾语，不可能是宾语从句，that 修饰前面的名词 thought

常见同位语从句信号词

phenomenon 现象

suggestion 建议

implication 寓意

tendency 趋势

trend 趋势

inclination 倾向

awareness 意识、认知

idea 想法

news 新闻

story 故事

fact 事实

I like this idea/opinion/news/story/fact that

常见错误用法

1. There is a trend that we could go to school.

   语法上没有问题，但 we could go to school 不是 trend，意思上说不通，应改为：

   There is a trend that a lot of teenagers start to go to school in the afternoon.

2. There is a situation that more people begin to respect our own culture.

   语法上没有问题，但要表达的意思不是情况本身，而是在这个情况下，因此需要用 where （定语从句）而不是 that （同位语从句）：

   There is a situation where(in which) more people begin to respect our own culture.

状语从句

定义

本质：一个状语从句分句本身等于一个副词

副词的作用：修饰动词（也是修饰整个句子，因为整个句子的核心是动词）、形容词、介词短语（介词短语情况很少见）、副词

因此状语从句也只有这四个功能

规则

只有一个关系连词引导，如果有超过一个连词，那么一定是发生了状语从句的嵌套（英语的本质是套娃）

if/when/where/although/though/whereas/while/why/since/because/as(= when/while/because)/given(考虑到)/once(一旦)/providing或provided(= if)

1. 修饰动词

   • 关系连词 + 分句，主句（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）

     等价于

     主句（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语），关系连词 + 分句

     I can beat you, if you are happy. = If you are happy, I can beat you.

   • “关系连词+分句” 修饰 “主句中的谓语”

     When I was in school, I can play soccer.

     I like this game played by him when he is happy. 没有逗号时，状语从句修饰的动词遵循就近原则，因此修饰非谓语动词 played

     I like this game played by him, when I am happy. 有逗号且根据句意，状语从句修饰主句动词：like

   • 当分句主语和主句主语一样的时候，可以省略分句的主语，如果分句主语有 be 动词，也可以省略。

     When written, this book is new.

   • 非谓语动词状语从句

     非谓语动词也是动词，意味着它也可以加状语从句。

     If I can buy it tomorrow, this book written by me when you are in Beijing is useful.

     written by me 是非谓语动词，when you are in Beijing 状语从句，可以修饰 written 也可以修饰后面的 is，但通过意思判断是修饰 written。最前面的条件状语从句If I can buy it tomorrow，因为有逗号，所以修饰主句的核心谓语 is

2. 修饰形容词

   There is a book useful and important for me when I am learning sth..

3. 修饰介词（不太常见）

重点关系连词

1. While

   翻译为“与此同时”，既会有“当”的意思，又会有“尽管”的意思，不用纠结两种意思的区分，效率会高很多。

   • 分句有进行时，一般是“当”，等于 when
   • 没有进行时，一般是“尽管”，等于 although

   I am doing everything to win this match while you are playing games everyday.

   Although/Though/While 都是尽管（但是）没有实质区别，只是 although 和 though 相对更正式，while 相对转折程度更弱些。注意三者与连词 but 意思上没有太大的区别，但句子表达的重点有区别，“句子 1, but 句子 2”，句子 2 是重点；“Although 句子 1, 句子 2”，句子 2 是重点。

2. though conj. 尽管、但是（从句与主句转折） adv. 但是、然而（与上一个完整句子转折）

   conj.

   Though he is free, he can’t go anywhere.

   = He can’t go anywhere, though he is free.

   adv.

   This book is full of number. This book, though, is about history.

   = This book is full of number. This book is about history, though.

3. As

   as 很常见，是因为意思很多且常见，用起来也很灵活方便

   • as 作介词，翻译为“作为”。后面接名词 as + n.

     As a student, you should …

     regard/consider/deem/see/think of A as B (n./adj.)

     值得注意的是，as 后还有跟形容词(adj.)的特殊情况。

     I regard you as important.

   • as 作连词，后接完整句子 as + 主谓宾

     • 翻译为“当”，= when
     • 翻译为“因为”，= because 通常后置，例如主句表达一个现象，从句是 as + 句子
     • 翻译为“正如”，as sb./sth. v. 通常在句首或当插入语
     • 翻译为“尽管”，只会出现在 as 倒装句

     Smart as he is, he made this mistake.

     读得句子多了，会发现，前两个意思“当”与“因为”没有本质的差别，都是一种条件状语，互换也不影响对句子的理解。因此很多母语人表达时就不用去纠结用 when 还是 because，用 as 完美适配两种情况。

     as 译为“正如”时，现代语法书会把它当连词。但实际上你会发现句子成分并不完整，要么缺宾语要么缺主语，as 需要充当句子成分，那此时 as 词性其实更像定语从句的关系代词 which

     As you said/As you pointed out, I could do this.

     As is reported in this article, I am a student.

     As shown in this experiment, you are correct.

   • as 的固定搭配

     as yet 副词 至今还

     as of + time 介词 自…起，从…开始

     as for = about 介词

     as to = in terms of 介词

     as if/though = like 仿佛、似乎、就好像（字面翻译：就像如果、就像尽管）你数学不及格，就像没学过一样（You failed in math exam. It is as though you’ve never learned math.）

   • as … as 结构

     翻译：第一个 as 忽略不翻译，第二个 as 译为“正如”，第二个 as 词性可以是介词（加名词）也可以是连词（加句子）

     两个 as 中间可以是任何成分，视句子结构而定。整个 as … as 结构的词性与中间部分的词性一致

     注意：两个 as 中间内容与前面的上下文语法相连，即去除 as … as 结构，剩余的中间部分和前面相连也不能有语法上的错误。

     • 例句

       You are as smart as he is. smart 与 are 语法相连，第二个 as 是连词

       You are as smart as him. 第二个 as 是介词

       You can play soccer as when you are happy as when you are sad.

       There is a student as smart as that student. 中间部分 smart 是 adj. 是前面student的后置形容词，那么整个 as smart as that student 也视为后置形容词，此时第二个 as 是介词。如果改为 as smart as that student is 那第二个 as 就是连词

       I can play soccer as in school as in mall.

       I am as smart as he is. 这里是比较，因此可倒装为 I am as smart as is he.

       This city is as beautiful as Shanghai.

       This city grows as beautifully as Shanghai does.

       This apple is as sweet in Beijing as in shanghai.

       I want to write a song as good as yours.

       I want to write a song as well as you do.

       I hope you can tell me a specific address as accurately as possible.

       I hope you can give me a report as accurate as possible.

     • as … as 写作易错点：与前面句子不语法相连

       错误：You play soccer as beautiful as he does.

       注意 beautiful 词性是形容词，不能修饰动词，需要换成副词。

       正确：You play soccer as beautifully as he does.

     • 常见 as … as 翻译:

       as long as 只要；像…一样远的

       as far as/so far as 至于；像…一样远的

       as well as 和 = and；像…一样好地

       as soon as 尽快；一…就 = the moment

       as early as 早在

       as much as 尽管（仅在句首）；像…一样多的

4. With/Without

   With + … 相当于介词短语，不能当主句

   • With n. 用/和

   • With A doing/done sth., 翻译为伴随着，A 这里可能是名词，也可能是非常长的从句，一定要找到 doing 或 done 的发出者

     With this book of history in China making me happy, I will buy it.

     this book 为 核心词 是 making 的发出者

   • Without n.

     作状语，修饰动词，翻译为 在没有…的情况下，通常后置。

     I can read this book without a computer.

5. yet

   • 在句首，词性为 conj.或 adv. = but，表转折，译为“尽管”、“但是”

     连词：The test was difficult. Yet he managed to pass it.

     副词：It is a small market town. Yet, it changed the world forever.

     yet 状语从句套 while 状语从句的情况（本质就是英语的完整句子可以无限套娃）

     句子 1, yet while 分句, 主句

     等价于

     句子 1, yet 句子 2（句子 2 = while 分句, 主句）

     句子 2 以主句为主，因此，“句子 1”与“主句”是转折关系，“分句”与“主句”亦是转折关系，但“句子 1”与“分句”无关系，因为两个转折可以从不同的方面进行。

   • 在肯定句中，词性为 adv. = not，表否定，译为“还没”

     I have yet done this. 我还没做这事。

     Yet to be discovered, the ruins remain hidden deep in the jungle.

   • 在否定或疑问句中，词性为 adv. 表示直到现在或某个时间点，译为“还”

   • yet another = another

     yet further = further

     yet more = more

     yet again = again

     yet 表示更加、居然又

   • 特殊意思“早晚”

     I may win this yet. 我早晚会赢得这个。

6. 与其他从句的嵌套

   Although I think that that these books are good is interesting, 主句. （状语从句嵌套宾语从句嵌套 that 引导的主语从句，主句）

There be/Here be

翻译为有，本质是 there be + n. 整体已经是一个完整的句子。后面不能再加逗号加另外一个句子，除非有连词。

There be + n. + 定语（形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语从句、同位语及从句、动词不定式）

造句：

1. there be 表示“有”，也可以表示抽象概念

   This book is important.

   There is importance in this book.

   Obese people experience discrimination in many parts of the world.

   There is much discrimination for obese people in many parts of the world.

2. There is no 表示没有，不可用 not

3. There might be 表可能

4. There will be/is going to be 表将来

5. be 可替换为 系动词、感观动词

   There seems discrimination.

   There sounds a laughter.

   There becomes…

   There appears…

   There exist n.

   There lies n.

   There happens to be 碰巧有

   There remains to be 依旧有

例句

There is a book interesting.（形容词）

There is a book that is useful.（定语从句）

There is a book making me happy.（非谓语动词）

There is a book in my school.（介词短语）

There is a book, a tool that is useful.（同位语）

There is an idea that I can play soccer.（同位语从句）

There is a book to be sold.（动词不定式）

The book is important for me. There is much importance in this book for me.

The trend is steady. There is steadiness in this trend.

I think that I like you. There is an idea from me that I like you.

形式主语

本质是在强调形容词

主语不用翻译

形式主语和动名词作主语可以相互转换

It is important for me to learn English.

Learning English is important for me.

• It is adj. for sb. to do sth.

  注意 adj. 能不能形容这个 to do sth.

  It is portable for me to use my laptop.

  这句话是错误的，portable 可以用于形容 laptop 这个东西，但不能用于形容 use my laptop 这个行为。

  应改为 It is convenient for me to use my laptop.

  It is exciting for me to play soccer. = Playing soccer makes me excited.

• It is adj. that + 完整句子.

  It is likely that … (likely 是 adj.)

  It is notable that …

  It is important that we should read books.

  It is useful for me that I can read books.

• 感官动词（look/sound/taste/smell/feel） = 系动词（seem/become/stay/grow/remain） = be 动词，因此 It + 感官动词 也大概率是形式主语

  It seems/sounds/remains that…

  It seems as if you OK.

  It is believed/said/convinced that…

• 不是所有 it 开头的句子都是形式主语

  It can make me happy.

形式宾语

先了解 make A B 的知识点，再了解形式宾语

make/leave/find/render/have A(n.) B(v./adj./prep./n.)

• leave + 地点 表示离开某地

  其他情况 leave = make = render 表示留下或使得

  当 A 后面有个很长的定语从句时，可能会把 B 放在 A 前

  This book leave you happy.

  This book leave happy you who are from China and playing soccer in your school.

  I can make you play soccer.

  I can make you important.

  I can make you in school.

  I can make you a player.

  I want to make playing soccer in our nation become more and more popular.

  I want to make it become more and more popular for us to play soccer in our nation.

  I want to make it possible for me to do sth.

形式宾语是一种特殊的 make A B

I can make it easy for you to do something.

I want to make it a habit for you to learn English.

it 代替的就是后面的 to do something，形式宾语的意义是让 make 和 easy 更靠近，防止实际宾语太长，阻碍意思的表达。

强调句

什么时候用强调句？

强调句不能单独使用，一定要先有一个范围，高光这个范围内的某个东西时，才用强调句，即需要背景句。

There are hundreds of schools in my city. It is my school that has this computer.

Among countless functions of music, it is music that can connect various people.

1. It is … that(when/why/who) …

   核心：当我们去掉 “It is” 和 “that”，剩下的部分合在一起依旧是完整句子。

   因此强调句甚至可以强调状语从句、介词短语、动名词做主语、主语从句

   • 强调状语从句（关系连词 + 分句, 主句）

     强调后：It is 关系连词 + 分句 that 主句.

     It is if you come to my school that I will do this.

     It is when you are happy that I want to eat a pear.

     It is when I was a kid that I could play soccer.

   • 强调介词短语

     强调后：It is 介词短语 that 主句

     It is in my school that I want to learn things.

   • 强调动名词/主语从句（动名词/主语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语）

     强调后：It is 动名词/主语从句 that 谓语 + 宾语

     It is playing games that is a good way of relaxing.

     It is what you read everyday that is useful.

   例句：

   1. 电动车可以保护环境

      EVs can help improve/ameliorate our environment.

      Among many kinds vehicles, it is EVs that can help improve/ameliorate our environment.

   2. There are countless useful books in our library.

      强调在图书馆中才有这么多书

      On our campus, there are many facilities and places. It is in our library that there are countless useful books.

      强调书有用

      Among countless valuable things in our library, it is the books that are the most useful.

• Do + 动词原形（强调动词的动作）

  do 受时态影响

  例句：

  I do like this book. 我确实喜欢这本书。

  I did like this book. 我过去确实喜欢这本书。

感叹句

语法：

• What + n.

• How + adj./adv.

例句：

What a pity.

How important it is.

How smart you are.

How smartly you play soccer.

so that/such that

翻译为如此…以至于… 表递进关系

so 词性是 adv. ，用于修饰动词、形容词、副词，但 so 只用在修饰形容词和副词

such 词性是 adj. ，用于修饰名词

so that 连在一起，词性是 conj. 连词，和 and, but 一样用法

1. so adj./adv. that 完整句子

   I am so smart that I know all of this.

   I do sth so smart that 这是错误的，smart 不是形容 sth，而是用来修饰 do，所以应该使用副词

   I do sth so smartly that … 正确

   I am so smart that I can do this.

   I feel so well that I can do this.

   There is an apple so delicious that I want to eat it.

   That happened so quickly that I didn’t realize.

   I have a book, which is so useful that it taught me everything.

   I have a book, which taught me so effectively that I know every thing.

   Broadcasters are still making the bet that live sports will continue to fascinate TV audiences so diverse/wonderfully that there are countless kinds of them.

   如果是 diverse，形容词修饰名词 audiences，如果是 wonderfully，副词修饰动词 fascinate

2. such n. that 完整句子

   You are such a good boy that you can do this.

   This is such a perfect book that is useful that I want to read it.

   I am happy today because I earned such a great bag today that I am thrilled.

   It is important to have such a great book that I can read it everyday.

3. so that 作连词 conj.，翻译为以至于，表递进

   句子 1, so that 句子 2

   There are so many apples so that there is no other fruit.

倒装句

本质 主谓宾 变成了 宾谓主（完全倒装） 或 谓主宾（部分倒装）

I am in school. 倒装 In school am I.

This book is among many books. 倒装 Among many books is this book.

倒装不是必需，不倒装时的语序也是正确的语法

主谓宾 4 种形式

I love you. (v.)

I am a boy. (be + n.)

I am happy. (be + adj.)

I am in school. (be + prep.)

为什么倒装

1. 宾语相对主语更加重要，强调重要的部分

2. 主语加定语从句太长，谓语宾语太短

完全倒装

介词短语/形容词开头，两者不能作主语，且 be 动词单三是根据后面真正的主语

• 介词短语开头的倒装

  1. In my bags is a book that has many pages.

  2. Among many students in school are you who are from China and are tall and smart.

     正常语序：You who are from China and are tall and smart are among many students in school.

  3. Among many students who are in China are you. (第二个 are 是因为 you 跟前面无关)

     正常语序：You are among many students who are in China.

  4. Among others is he.

  5. Among others are many students.

  并不是所有介词短语开头就是倒装，如：Among 10 students who are from China, you are the best.

• 形容词开头的倒装

  1. Smart is this student who has many computers and books.

     正常语序：This student who has many computers and books is smart.

  2. More important in my books are my pages.

  3. Important are you who are from China.

部分倒装

• 否定副词打头，主谓倒装，谓语有助动词的，仅主语和助动词（have will do 情态动词等）倒装

  即 否定副词 谓语 主语 宾语

  否定副词：(only/rarely/seldom/little/hardly/merely/barely/scarcely/nowhere/never/only/not only) = not

  I have rarely finished this. 半倒装 Rarely have I finished this.

  Only when I am happy, I can do this. 半倒装 Only when I am happy can I do this.

  I will not only do this, but also do that. 半倒装 Not only will I do this, but also do that.

  He had hardly started toleave when it began to rain. 半倒装 Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain.

  He does little care about hes clothes. 半倒装 Little does he care about his clothes.

  Only when our school become better can we make it happen. 半倒装 Only when you come to my place can we finish this project.

  only 修饰整个 when 状语从句，状语从句是状语，整句词性为 adv. 然后 only 也是 adv. 副词可以修饰副词

  He can not speak a single word of English. 特殊倒装 Not a single word of English can he speak.

  比较少见 not 打头的，not 在开头时，宾语也提前了。

• so/neither/nor 倒装（表示“也”）

  意思上 neither 和 nor 在倒装中一样，但词性不同，nor 是 conj. 前面可以用逗号，而 neither 是 adv. 不能连接两个句子，前一句必需句号结尾。

  不要翻译为我也是，而是把上句话完整带入这句，才好理解

  In some ways nuclear power suffers from a chicken-and-egg situation: more manufacturing experience may reduce prices, but to achieve the necessary experience, many new plants must first be paid for and built. So does EVs.

  这里不要翻译成 EVs 也是这样。前面一句那么长，EVs 倒底和哪句一样，要搞明白。肯定不是和冒号后解释说明的一样，而是和句子核心主干的 suffers from a situation 一样。

  I can learn math in our school with a computer.

  其他同学几年前也可以

  So can other students several years ago. (情态动词没有过去式)

  I can not learn math in our school with a computer yesterday. Neither can I.

  You are one of the best students in our class. So is he.

  I should learn this. So should he.

• As 倒装

  1. 表示“尽管”（占90%以上的情况）

     将从句中的 形容词、副词、名词、动词提到句首，注意名词提前不可加任何冠词

     形容词：Smart as he is, he made this mistake.

     形容词：Proud as he is, he listened to my advice.

     动词：Try as he might, he couldn’t open the door.

     名词：Child as he is, he knows a lot. 注意 child 前不可加 A

     形容词：Happy as you are, you can not do this. 正常语序：As you are happy, you can not do this.

     副词：Happily as you play soccer, you can not do this. 正常语序：As you play soccer happily, you can not do this.

     As he is a child, he speaks fluent English.

     倒装：Child as he is, he speaks fluent English. (单数名词前不加冠词，记住即可，没有原因)

     As she is important, she can not do that.

     倒装：Important as she is, she can not do that.

     As he has a book, he did not read it.

     倒装：A book as he has, he did not read it.

  2. 表示“正如”

     As be sb. 正如某人一样

     正常语序：As sb. be

     She is a talented singer, as is her sister.

     He supports the new policy, as do most of his colleagues.

• 比较级倒装

  I like this book more than he does.

  可能倒装为

  I like this book more than does he.

  I can play soccer better than do you.

  I am happier than is he.

• 引用倒装（引用说话的句子常使用倒装）

  ”…” he says 常会倒装为 ”…” says he

  ”…” the reply came 常倒装为 ”…” came the reply

虚拟语气

虚拟语气口语中用得多，书面很少，注意虚拟语气是有省略和倒装的

1. 现在时虚拟

   • 表命令 should + 原形，注意should可省略，当看到只有一个be的句子，要想到是命令的虚拟语气

     The committee demanded that he be removed from office.

   • 祝福语，动词用原形

     God bless you. (God 单数，但 bless 仍用原形)

     Long live the King. 国王万岁 live 原形，且句子倒装

2. 过去时虚拟

   • 与事实背离

     • 对现在假想 were/had/would

       1. were

          Were I you, I would do this. = If I were you, I would do this.

       2. had

          Had 打头的陈述句分句，是虚拟语气 had 倒装省略 if，可以直接把 had 当成 if 来理解

          If you had become happy, you would do this.

          等于

          Had you become happy, you would do this.

          等于

          You would do this had you become happy.

          Had sth. happend, I would do this. = If sth. had happend, I would do this.

     • 对过去后悔 could/should/might have done

       1. could have done 本可以做（而没做）

       2. should have done 本应该做（而没做）

       3. might have done 本可能、差点就（表后怕）

   • 礼貌与委婉

     could you please

     would you mind

插入语

可以是任何东西任何形式，可以用逗号隔开，也可以用破折号隔开

I like WTO, the/an organization that was established in 1900.

后半句整体作为同位语，解释 WTO。